الزكاة في اللغة تأتي بمعنى النماء والزيادة. وفي الشرع: إخراج جزء من مال مخصوص لأناس مخصوصين بنية مخصوصة.
شرح تعريف الزكاة
1 – معنى مال مخصوص: أي الأنواع التي تجب فيها الزكاة من الأموال التي حددها الشرع.
2 – ومعنى لأناس مخصوصين: وهم الفقراء والمستحقين للزكاة من الأصناف الثمانية الذين ذكرهم الله في كتابه.
3 – ومعنى بنية مخصوصة: بمعنى أنه يجب على الإنسان أن يضع نية وهو يخرج هذا المال بحيث ينوي به إخراج الزكاة؛
لأن النية هي التي تتميز بها العبادات بعضها عن بعض، فصلاة الظهر تشبه صلاة العصر والذي يفرق بينهما هي النية،
وكذلك المال الذي يخرجه المرء على سبيل الصدقة يشبه المال الذي يخرجه على سبيل الزكاة لكن الشيء الذي يفرق بينهما إنما هو النية.
لماذا سميت الزكاة بهذا الاسم؟
سميت الزكاة بهذا الاسم؛ لأن هذا الجزء الذي يتم إخراجه من المال يعود بالنماء على هذا المال، وترك إخراج هذا الجزء يعود بالنقصان عليه.
فالزكاة وإن كانت تنقص المال من الناحية الحسية لكنها تعود على المال بالزيادة حيث ينمو عند الله تعالى كما أخبر النبي -صلى الله عليه وسلم- حيث قال:
(مَنْ تَصَدَّقَ بِعَدْلِ تَمْرَةٍ مِنْ كَسْبٍ طَيِّبٍ، وَلاَ يَقْبَلُ اللَّهُ إِلَّا الطَّيِّبَ، وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ يَتَقَبَّلُهَا بِيَمِينِهِ، ثُمَّ يُرَبِّيهَا لِصَاحِبِهِ، كَمَا يُرَبِّي أَحَدُكُمْ فَلُوَّهُ، حَتَّى تَكُونَ مِثْلَ الجَبَلِ)البخاري
وربما تكون هذه الزيادة بالبركة التي يضعها الله في هذا المال فيزداد زيادة حسية، أو ربما بسببها يغلق الله دونك أبوابا من البلاء ربما لو نزلت بك لاجتاحت هذا المال كله،
أو ربما بالقناعة والرضا الذي يجعله الله في قلبك، فهذه الزكاة تطهر المال وتنميه، قال الله تعالى: (خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِمْ بِهَا)[التوبة: 103].
متى فرضت الزكاة؟
فرض الله الزكاة والصيام على عباده في عام واحد وهو العام الثاني من هجرة النبي -صلى الله عليه وسلم- بالمدينة،
وقيل: فرضت في مكة لأن الآيات التي أمرت بالزكاة نزلت بمكة كقول الله: (وَوَيْلٌ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ)[فصلت: 6، 7]. وقيل: إن الأمر بأصل الزكاة كان في مكة، وأما تقدير الأنصبة وتحديد أنواع الأموال التي تجب فيها الزكاة فكان في المدينة في العام الثاني من الهجرة.
للمزيد:
فرض الله الزكاة والصيام على عباده في عام واحد وهو العام الثاني من هجرة النبي -صلى الله عليه وسلم- بالمدينة،
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